Levetiracetam
Piracetam analog with nootropic and anti-epileptic effect. Authorized for use in children in Europe.
Excreted into breast milk but infant serum levels were shown to be low. No other side effect than one case of hypotonia in a 7 days old premature whose mother was also on anti-epileptic medication.
Seizures along with neonatal abstinence syndrome in a botlle fed neonate whose mother had taken Levetiracetam and Phenobarbital in pregnancy ocurred. Symptoms disappeared after initiation of breastfeeding.
Alternatives
We do not have alternatives for Levetiracetam since it is relatively safe.
Very Low Risk
Compatible. Not risky for breastfeeding or infant.
Low Risk
Moderately safe. Mild risk possible. Follow up recommended. Read the Comment.
High Risk
Poorly safe. Evaluate carefully. Use a safer alternative. Read the Comment.
Very High Risk
Not recommended. Cessation of breastfeeding or alternative.
Drug trade names
References
- Kohn E, Brandriss N, Soback S, Bar-Haim A, Berkovitch M. Levetiracetam and lamotrigine excretion in breast milk. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;60:184. 2016
- Jacob S, Nair AB. An Updated Overview on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Recent Antiepileptic Drugs. Drugs R D. 2016Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Agencia europea del medicamento. Levetiracetam. Ficha técnica. 2014 Full text (in our servers)
- European Medicines Agency. Levetiracetam. Drug summary 2014 Full text (in our servers)
- Reimers A. New antiepileptic drugs and women. Seizure. 2014Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Rapcencu AE, Lindhout D, Bulk S. Frequently asked questions on epilepsy, pregnancy and lactation: a EURAP-NL report. Seizure. 2012Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Rauchenzauner M, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Rostasy K, Luef G. Old and new antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and lactation--report of a case. Epilepsy Behav. 2011Abstract
- López-Fraile IP, Cid AO, Juste AO, Modrego PJ. Levetiracetam plasma level monitoring during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum: clinical and outcome implications. Epilepsy Behav. 2009Abstract
- O'Connor SE, Zupanc ML. Women and epilepsy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2009Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, Hovinga CA, Gidal B, Meador KJ, Hopp J, Ting TY, Hauser WA, Thurman D, Kaplan PW, Robinson JN, French JA, Wiebe S, Wilner AN, Vazquez B, Holmes L, Krumholz A, Finnell R, Shafer PO, Le Guen C; American Academy of Neurology; et al. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of... Neurology. 2009Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Crawford PM. Managing epilepsy in women of childbearing age. Drug Saf. 2009Abstract
- Sabers A, Tomson T. Managing antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009Abstract
- Tomson T, Palm R, Källén K, Ben-Menachem E, Söderfeldt B, Danielsson B, Johansson R, Luef G, Ohman I. Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam during pregnancy, delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation. Epilepsia. 2007Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Pennell PB. Is breast milk the best for babies of mothers on levetiracetam? Epilepsy Curr. 2006Abstract
- Pennell PB. 2005 AES annual course: evidence used to treat women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Pack AM. Therapy insight: clinical management of pregnant women with epilepsy. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006Abstract
- Johannessen SI, Helde G, Brodtkorb E. Levetiracetam concentrations in serum and in breast milk at birth and during lactation. Epilepsia. 2005Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Tomson T. Gender aspects of pharmacokinetics of new and old AEDs: pregnancy and breast-feeding. Ther Drug Monit. 2005Abstract
- O'Brien MD, Gilmour-White SK. Management of epilepsy in women. Postgrad Med J. 2005Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Crawford P. Best practice guidelines for the management of women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005Abstract Full text (link to original source) Full text (in our servers)
- Greenhill L, Betts T, Yarrow H et al. Breast milk levels of levetiracetam after delivery. Epilepsia. 2004;45 (suppl 7):230. Abstract 2115. 2004 Full text (in our servers)
- Pennell PB. Antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and lactation. Neurology. 2003Abstract
- Kramer G, Hosli I, Glanzmann R et al. Levetiracetam accumulation in human breast milk. Epilepsia. 2002;43 (Suppl 7):105. Abstract 1288. 2002 Full text (in our servers)